Having defeated Napoleon, General Mikhail Ilarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was called “the conqueror of the conqueror of the world.” Almost immediately after his death in 1813, his first biographer proclaimed him a general “who had accomplished more than Caesar, Hannibal, and Scipio combined.” Poets competed in eulogies. Russia’s greatest, Alexander Pushkin, stood solemnly “with lowered head” before the “sacred sepulchre” in which Kutuzov was buried: “[There] Sleeps that potentate,/ That idol of the northern hosts,/ The honored guardian of a sovereign land,/ Subduer of its enemies all.”

In his fascinating new biography of Kutuzov, the historian Alexander Mikaberidze, an expert on the Napoleonic Wars, explains that Kutuzov’s victory over Napoleon restored Russia’s pride, indeed “its very sense of national purpose and identity. The triumph over Napoleonic France raised Russia’s prestige to unprecedented heights. . . . More than a national hero, [Kutuzov] became a legend.”¹

That legend was decisively shaped by Tolstoy’s historical novel about the Napoleonic Wars, War and Peace, in which Kutuzov frequently appears. When Dostoevsky wanted to introduce a wise character to enunciate his thoughts, he picked a monk, but Tolstoy chose a master military strategist, whose approach was as unconventional as it was philosophically profound. In doing so, Tolstoy sought to discredit the many commentators who regarded Kutuzov as a lucky fool.

Tolstoy sought to discredit the many commentators who regarded Kutuzov as a lucky fool.

According to Robert Wilson, a British commissioner attached to the Russian army during the